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Specifically, we analyze the amplifying effects on diffusion of communicable disease created by global aviation networks and cross border mobility. We thus examine the function of global cities during a pandemic through a mobility lens, extending the approach that John Urry (2000) introduced in Sociology Beyond Societies: Mobilities for the Twenty-first Century, where he considered how the ever-increasing flow of people and objects in a borderless world generates new dynamics in both transportation and society. Among the many characteristics of global cities, the one most relevant to understanding a pandemic's diffusion, whether in Byzantium or Brooklyn, is the concentrated flow of people coming together into a hub of exchange. In many ways, the evidence that we analyze echoes an old story about the spread of disease that goes back to the ancient world's trading networks and nodes. This article considers the ways in which globalization and mobility have once again intersected to turn a majority of global cities into pandemic gateways. Our findings suggest the need to appreciate why global cities can serve as gateways of pandemic diffusion, while also seeking to understand why some did not function in this way.ġ. Global cities: pandemic gateways of the 21st century Hypermobility, which we demonstrate contributed to the mechanism by which global cities diffused COVID-19 initially, is also correlated with the global cities hierarchy, as supported by air travel data. This trend reached 90% in a subset based upon the urban hierarchy among global cities. Among our global cities sample, 75% served as the gateway through which COVID-19 was diffused within their respective countries. We demonstrate that most global cities followed a common pattern in the pace and intensity of COVID-19's spread during the first wave of the pandemic. To assess this transmission mechanism, we assembled data about the population and COVID-19 cases in global cities and their associated countries, comparing their infection rates on a fixed date. Our hypothesis is that global cities became the gateway by which COVID-19 was introduced to many countries through the hypermobility of infected international travelers. This article examines how mobility networks can turn global cities into Pandemic Gateways. The relationship between cities, globalization and mobility has produced recurring urban challenges over time. These plates also heat up evenly allowing for fewer passes over each section. Titanium plates heat up the fasted out of all three plate types. This is because the tourmaline plates smooth the hair stands cuticles. When using tourmaline plates on your hair you will find that your hair is frizz-free, shiny, and appears to be much healthier. The plates also heat up much faster than ceramic plates and tend to be more ideal for those with coarse hair. Tourmaline plates heat the hair up from the surface of the hair shaft. If you have coarse thick hair I would pass on a flat iron with ceramic plates. Each plate will get the job done but one plate type will be more beneficial than the others depending on your hair type.Ĭeramic plates will heat the hair from the inside out, are more affordable, but heat up less fast than tourmaline plates, and is best for those who have fine hair. Factors to consider before buying a professional hair straightener Ceramic vs. With our airplane games, you can partake and have fun controlling and directing jets. io Games Car Games Basketball Games Games for Girls Racing Games Shooting Games 2 Player Games Stickman Games Dress Up Games Action Games Flappy Bird Games Train Games Taxi Games Tank Games Gun Games Battle Royale Games Dragon GamesĪirports are a place of wonderment and busy action. Subway Surfers Temple Run 2 Retro Bowl Venge.io Stickman Hook Who Is? Narrow.One Repuls.io Brain Test 2: Tricky Stories Friday Night Funkin' Idle Ants Moto X3M Stick Merge Parkour Race Mad GunZ Gold Digger FRVR Rocket Soccer Derby Like a King Sushi Party EvoWorld io (FlyOrDie io) Crossy Road Where is My Cat? Blocky Cars Combat Online Fury Wars Raft Wars Multiplayer Temple of Boom Smash Karts The Impossible Quiz Getaway Shootout Bad Ice-Cream Shell Shockers G-Switch 3 Brain Test: Tricky Puzzles Tunnel Rush YoHoHo.io Football Masters Idle Digging Tycoon Soccer Skills Champions League Onet Paradise Ludo Hero Merge Round Racers Puffy Cat Iron Snout Merge Tycoon Life - The Game Snake.is MLG Edition House of Hazards Viking Village Cover Orange Apple Knight Fish Eat Fish Blumgi Rocket Game of Farmers Tunnel Rush 2 Idle Gang Lines to Fill Nonogram Crazy Party Cover Orange: Journey Ninja.io Grow Up the Cats Shape Fold Nature Truck Loader 3 Z-Raid The Walking Merge Pick Up Associations Motorbike Games Popular Games. |
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